Há uma diferença técnica entre vícios e defeitos de construção.
Segundo o manual “Saúde dos Edifícios” do CREA-SP (Conselho Regional dos Engenheiros, Arquitetos e Agrônomos), são “falhas que tornam o imóvel impróprio para o uso, ou lhe diminuem o valor”.
Segundo o mesmo manual, são falhas que podem “afetar a saúde e segurança do consumidor”.
Importante: Os vícios e defeitos podem ser aparentes ou ocultos.
O prazo é de 90 dias a contar do dia que ele constatou qualquer falha, vícios ou defeitos, mesmo já tendo vistoriado o imóvel.
A garantia legal de uma construção é de 5 (Cinco anos) após a expedição do Habite-se. Mas o prazo legal para reclamações na Justiça é de 20 (Vinte anos)
Vícios e defeitos podem gerar danos à própria obra, aos moradores e a terceiros (como uma pessoa que passa na rua e é atingida por materiais caídos da obra).
Caso famoso:
Um dos casos mais famosos é o do Edifício Palace 2, que desabou em 1998 no Rio de Janeiro, o erro pode ter sido de projeto: a numeração dos pilares pode ter sido trocada, e os pontos de sustentação com maior carga ficaram com pilares mais fracos.
Caso as negociações amigáveis com a construtora não trouxerem resultado, pode-se entrar com uma ação de Obrigação de Fazer, na Justiça.
– O Juiz deve nomear um perito para realizar uma vistoria na edificação.
– Além da ação de Obrigação de Fazer, pode-se também requerer indenização por Perdas e Danos. Esta prescreve em 20 anos, segundo jurisprudência do STJ (Superior Tribunal de Justiça).
Cuidado:
Obras de melhoria no prédio durante os cinco anos iniciais podem tirar a validade da garantia da construção, por alterar os itens assegurados.
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